X]
4XULOPDQLXODVK
4XULOPDQLRUQDWJDQGDQVRQJLVKJD
WXVKLULVKDQROGLQNDPLGDVRDWNXWLQJ
7DVKLVKSD\WLGDNRPSUHVVRULFKLGDJLPR\
VRYXWLVKWL]LPLJDNRFKLVKLPXPNLQ
,ON ERU LVKJD WXVKLULVKGDQ ROGLQ TXULOPDQLQJ
LFKLQLWR]DODQJ4XULOPDQLWR]DODVKERELQL
NRULQJ
(OHNWUXODVKMR\L
5R]HWNDTXULOPDJD\DTLQEROLETXULOPD
RUQDWLOJDGDQVRQJKDP\HWVDERODGLJDQ
EROLVKLNHUDN
4XULOPD,KLPR\DVLQILJDPRV4RLGDODU
ER\LFKDRUQDWLOJDQYDKLPR\DVLPLERU
UR]HWND RUTDOL TXULOPDQL ² 9 *]
R]JDUXYFKDQ WRNND XODQJ 5R]HWND $
$ VDTODJLFKL ELODQ KRPR\DODQLVKL NHUDN
<HYURSDPDPDODNDWODUWDVKTDULVLGD
LVKODWLODGLJDQTXULOPDODUGD\R]LOJDQ
NXFKODQLVKELODQWRNWXULWRNWDUPRJLQLQJ
TL\PDWODULJD PRV NHOLVKLQL WHNVKLULVK NHUDN
8VKEXPDOXPRWODU]DYRGWXQXNDFKDVLGD
WRSDVL]UDVP
.
m
2JRKODQWLULVK
4XULOPDQLHOHNWURQHQHUJL\DQLWHMD\GLJDQ
UR]HWNDJDXODVKPXPNLQHPDV
%L]QLQJTXULOPDODULPL]GDQIR\GDODQLVK
XFKXQVLQXVOLYDWDUPRTOLLQYHUWRUODUQL
LVKODWLVKPXPNLQ7DUPRTOLLQYHUWRUODU
MDPRDWRNWDUPRJLJDEHYRVLWDXODQDGLJDQ
IRWRJDOYDQLNHQHUJL\DTXULOPDODULGD
LVKODWLODGL-DPRDWRNWDUPRJLJDEHYRVLWD
XODQPD\GLJDQDORKLGD\HFKLPODUGDPLVRO
XFKXQNHPD\RNLWRJGDVLQXVOL
LQYHUWRUODUQLLVKODWLVKNHUDN
4XULOPDELODQWDQLVKLVK
5DVPODUWXUJDQVRQJJLEHWQL\R\LQJ
8VKEX IR\GDODQLVK ER\LFKD \RULTQRPD ELU
QHKDPRGHOODUXFKXQ
0RGHOODUQLQJMLKR]ODQLVKLR]JDULVKL
PXPNLQ
5DVPODUIDUTTLOLVKLPXPNLQ
!
UDVPL
+DPPDPRGHOODUGDHPDV
$
6RYXWLVKNDPHUDVL
%
0X]ODWLVKNDPHUDVL
² %RVKTDULVKHOHPHQWODUL
6DUL\RJYDSLVKORTWRNFKDVL
.LFKLNVKLVKDODUJDPRCOMDOODQJDQ
PD[VXVWRNFKD
.DWWDVKLVKDODUXFKXQWRNFKD
&KLURT/('
6KLVKDODUWRNFKDVL
1RQXVKWDNRQWH\QHUL
6RYXTVDTODVKEROLPL
6RE]DYRWNRQWH\QHULQDPOLN
VR]ODJLFKLELODQ
0X]ODWLVK PDKVXORWLQLQJ NRQWH\QHUL