PEGASUS 67 ÷ 107 2S
41
RU
cod. 3540S430 - 11/2009 (Rev. 00)
3.2
Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɬɥɚɦ ɫ
"
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
".
Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ
,
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ
.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ
ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ
,
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
(
ɨɤɫɢɞɵ
),
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ
ɜɪɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ
.
ȼ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɵɥɶ
,
ɨɝɧɟɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɟɞɤɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ
.
ɉɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɭɯɢɦ ɢ ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɧɢɸ
.
ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ
.
3.3
Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
,
ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɟ
,
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɨɤɚ
ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ
ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
.
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
,
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɟ ɦɟɲɤɢ
,
ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɵɟ
ɤɪɚɧɵ
.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ
,
ɜ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɥɢɜɧɨɣ
ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɢɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ
.
ȿɫɥɢ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ
ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
,
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɡɚɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɚ
20 °C.
B
ɇɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɞɥɹ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ
.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɨɦ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɨɣɬɟ
ɜɫɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ
,
ɦɨɝɭɳɢɯ
ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɛ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɲɬɭɰɟɪɚɦ
,
ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ
. 13.
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɫɟɱɧɵɟ
ɤɥɚɩɚɧɵ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɨɬ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
B
ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɚɤ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɪɭɛɵ
,
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
,
ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɥɢɫɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ
.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
,
ɟɫɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ
25° Fr,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɚ
,
ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ
,
ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ
,
ɱɬɨ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɟɧɨɤ
ɤɨɬɥɚ
ɫ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦɢ
.
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
(
ɫ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ
)
ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɟɤɭɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ
.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɫɥɢɜ ɜɨɞɵ
ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
,
ɧɨɜɨɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
.
Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɣ
Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
1
ɛɚɪ
.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɚɥɨ
(
ɢɡ
-
ɡɚ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ
ɝɚɡɨɜ
)
ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ
,
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
1,5 - 2
ɛɚɪ
.
3.4
ɉɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ
B
ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɝɚɡɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ
,
ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɶɬɟɫɶ
,
ɱɬɨ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɜɢɞɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟ ɜɫɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ
,
ɦɨɝɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚ
.
Ƚɚɡ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɭ
(
ɫɦ
.
ɪɢɫ
. 13)
ɫ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ
,
ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢɥɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɝɨ
ɲɥɚɧɝɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɨ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɨɩɥɟɬɤɨɣ
.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɢ
ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɧ
.
ɉɪɨɜɟɪɶɬɟ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ
ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
.
ɉɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤɚ ɝɚɡɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɚ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɥɚ
,
ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɬɪɭɛɵ
,
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɢ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ
;
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɛɵ
.
B
Ɂɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ
ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ
ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
.
3.5
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
230
ȼ
- 50
Ƚɰ
.
B
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
,
ɟɫɥɢ
ɨɧ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
i
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɵ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ
.
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧɟ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɭɳɟɪɛ
,
ɦɨɝɭɳɢɣ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɡɚɡɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
.
ɍɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɶɬɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ
,
ɱɬɨ ȼɚɲɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ
,
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ
ɬɚɛɥɢɱɤɟ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
,
ɱɬɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ȼɚɲɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ
.
Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɟ ɫ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɴɟɦɨɦ
,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ
ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
(
ɫɦ
.
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɧɚ
sez. 5.5).
Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧ ɬɪɟɯɠɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɛɟɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
.
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ
,
ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɜɭɯɩɨɥɸɫɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɵɤɚɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɦɢ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
3
ɦɦ
,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɚɤɫ
.
ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɦ
3A.
ɉɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ
(
ɎȺɁȺ
:
ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ
/
ɇȿɃɌɊȺɅɖ
:
ɫɢɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ
/
ɁȿɆɅə
:
ɠɟɥɬɨ
-
ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞ
.
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɠɢɦɨɜ ɢ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ
,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɫɥɟɞɭɣɬɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ
,
ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ
. 2.
Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ
ɡɚɠɢɦɨɜ
,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
,
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ
"
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
".
ɪɢɫ
. 2 -
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɡɚɠɢɦɨɜ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
A
Ɉɬɤɪɭɬɢɬɟ
2
ɫɚɦɨɧɚɪɟɡɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɧɬɚ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɵɲɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ
.
B
ɉɨɞɧɢɦɢɬɟ ɤɪɵɲɤɭ
,
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɜɜɟɪɯ
;
ɫɧɢɦɢɬɟ ɤɵɲɤɭ
,
ɨɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɜ ɟɟ ɨɬ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɥɶɰɟɜ
.
C
Ɉɬɤɪɭɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɫɧɢɦɢɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɧɬɚ ɢ ɩɥɢɬɤɢ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
.
D
ɉɨɜɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɩɚɧɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ
.
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
,
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
,
ɪɟɥɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
,
ɤɨɥɛɚ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɬ
.
ɞ
.,
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
40
ɫɦ
.
ɨɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɠɭɯɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ
(
ɫɦ
.
ɪɢɫ
. 3).
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
A
ȼɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɲɬɭɰɟɪ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
B
Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
C
ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
40
ɫɦ
ɪɢɫ
. 3 -
ɉɨɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ
3.6
ɉɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɤ ɞɵɦɨɨɬɜɨɞɭ
Ɍɪɭɛɚ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
,
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɱɟɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɬɪɭɛɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɬɹɝɢ
.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɬɹɝɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɢɞɬɢ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɚ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
0,5
ɦɟɬɪɚ
.
Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠ ɞɵɦɨɯɨɞɨɜ
ɢ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ
.
Ⱦɢɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɯɨɦɭɬɨɜ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɹɝɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ
1.
A
B
C
